PROGRAM
AREA OVERVIEW
NUCLEAR
PHYSICS
Nuclear physics
research seeks to understand the structure and interactions of atomic nuclei and
the fundamental forces and particles of nature as manifested in nuclear matter.
Nuclear processes are responsible for the nature and abundance of all
matter, which in turn determine the essential physical characteristics of the
universe. The primary mission of the
Nuclear Physics program is to develop and support the scientists, techniques,
and facilities that are needed for basic nuclear physics research.
Attendant upon this core mission are responsibilities to enlarge and
diversify the nation's pool of technically trained talent and to facilitate
transfer of technology and knowledge to support the nation's economic base.
Nuclear physics
research is carried out at National accelerator facilities and through
university programs. The Continuous
Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at the Thomas Jefferson National
Accelerator Facility (TJNAF) and the Bates Linear Accelerator at MIT allow
detailed studies of how quarks and gluons bind together to make protons and
neutrons. CEBAF is planning a future
upgrade in which the electron beam energy is doubled from 6 to 12 GeV.
The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), now in operation at
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), will instantaneously form submicroscopic
specimens of quark-gluon plasma by colliding gold nuclei, thus allowing a study
of the primordial soup of quarks and gluons thought to make up the early
universe. RHIC is planning a beam
luminosity upgrade in the future; a new electron-ion collider is also being
discussed. The nuclear physics
program supports research and facility operations that are directed towards
understanding the properties of nuclei at their limits of stability and of the
fundamental properties of nucleons and neutrinos.
This research is made possible with the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator
System (ATLAS) at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), the Holifield Radioactive
Ion Beam Facility (HRIBF) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and the
88-Inch Cyclotron at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), which provide
complementary facilities for stable and radioactive beams as well as a variety
of species and energies. In
addition, the operations of accelerators for in-house research programs at four
universities (Yale University,
Washington
University,
Texas
A&M
University, and Triangle Universities Nuclear
Laboratory (TUNL) at
Duke
University) provide unique instrumentation with a
special emphasis on training of students. The
nuclear physics program also supports non-accelerator experiments such as the
Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) facility, constructed by a collaboration of
Canadian, English, and U.S. supported scientists, now taking data
on solar neutrino fluxes and providing the first results on the “appearance”
of oscillations of electron neutrinos into another neutrino type.
A proposed Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) facility is being designed that
would provide a way to explore the limits of nuclear existence.
By producing and studying highly unstable nuclei that are now formed only
in the stars, scientists could better understand stellar evolution and the
origin of the elements.
Our ability to
continue making a scientific impact to the general community relies heavily on
the availability of cutting edge technology and advances in detector
instrumentation, electronics, software, and accelerator design.
The technical topics which follow describe research and development
opportunities in the equipment, techniques, and facilities that are needed to
conduct and advance nuclear physics research at existing and future facilities.
Large scale data
storage and processing systems are needed to store, access, retrieve,
distribute, and process data from experiments conducted at large facilities,
such as Brookhaven National Laboratory’s Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and
the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility.
The experiments at such facilities are extremely complex and expensive,
involving thousands of detectors that produce raw experimental data at rates of
up to several hundred MB/sec, resulting in the annual production of data sets on
the order of several hundred Terabytes (TB), with Petabytes (PB) of data in the
near future. Many 10s of Terabytes
of data per year are distributed to many institutions around the U.S.
and other countries for analysis by the
scientific collaborators. Research
on large scale data management systems is required to support these large
nuclear physics experiments. All
grant applications must explicitly show relevance to the nuclear physics
program. Grant applications are sought only in the following subtopics:
a.
Large Scale Data Storage –
Projections of the cost of data storage media show that magnetic disk media will
soon be competitive with magnetic tape for storing large volumes of data.
Because current technology keeps all disk drives powered and spinning,
the infrastructure costs of operating a petabyte disk storage system
could be prohibitive. However, one characteristic of nuclear physics datasets is
that most of the data is accessed infrequently.
Therefore, grant applications are sought for new techniques leading to
petabyte-scale magnetic disk systems that have low cost and low power usage, and
that scale linearly with the amount of data accessed rather than the total
storage capacity.
b. Large Scale Data Processing
and Distribution – Some
nuclear physics facilities produce 100s of TB of data per year, soon to be PB
per year. Many 10s of TB of data per
year are distributed world-wide for analysis by the scientific collaborators.
A recent trend in nuclear physics is to construct these data handling and
distribution systems using data grid infrastructure software such as Globus and
Condor. In the near future, these
systems will use the Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA), which is based upon
Web Services. At that time, it will
be necessary for any proposed infrastructure software solutions to integrate
well with this new data grid technology. Grant
applications are sought for: (1) hardware and/or software techniques to improve
the effectiveness and reduce the costs of storing, retrieving, and moving such
large data volumes, including, but not limited to, automated data replication
coupled with application data catalogs, and distributed storage systems of
commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware; (2) hardware and/or software
techniques to improve the effectiveness of computational and data grids for
nuclear physics (see reference 3 for these uses) – examples include
integrating the management of distributed open source Relational Data-Base
Management System (RDBMS) with OGSA and developing application level monitoring
services for status and error diagnosis; and (3) effective new approaches to
data mining, automatic structuring of data and information, and facilitated
information retrieval. Applicants
that propose data distribution projects are encouraged to contact the U.S.
National Nuclear Data Center to determine relevance and possible future
migration strategies into existing infrastructures.
d. Cluster
Interconnects – Large scale
(thousands of CPU’s) computing platforms are needed to perform theoretical
calculations of Lattice Quantum ChromoDynamics (LQCD), a method of extracting
the predictions of the fundamental theory of the interactions of quarks.
While these science applications can use virtually any supercomputer
architecture efficiently, the computational demands are such that the cost
effectiveness of the platform (measured in floating point operations per second
per dollar, as sustained by a large scale parallel application) is a significant
consideration. Clusters would be an
appropriate platform for these calculations because of their low cost per
compute node, but only if the cluster interconnects were of high bandwidth, low
latency, and low cost. Although
current offerings fall short on at least one of these metrics, the science
applications are such that nearest-neighbor communications predominate in a
three or four dimensional torus; therefore, a fully interconnected switch fabric
is not essential – a torus mesh with routing also would be a feasible design.
Grant applications are sought to develop mesh-communication-optimized
cluster interconnects scalable to thousands of nodes at modest cost.
The interconnects must be well coupled to next generation commodity
compute nodes (to achieve high bandwidth and low latency on future systems) and
must have a cost well below the cost of the compute node.
1.
Firestone, R. B.,
“Nuclear Structure and Decay Data in the Electronic Age,” Journal
of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 243(1):77-86, January 2000.
(ISSN: 0236-5731).
2.
Foster,
3.
Maurer, S. M., et al.,
“Science’s Neglected Legacy,” Nature,
405(6783):117-120,
4.
Off-Line
Computing for RHIC,
Brookhaven National Laboratory,
5.
Proceedings
of the International Conference on Computing in High Energy Physics, Berlin, Germany,
April
7-11, 1997. (Proceedings available at: http://www.ifh.de/CHEP97/chep97.htm)
6.
Watson, C., “High Performance Cluster Computing with an Advanced Mesh Network,”
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility.
http://www.jlab.org/hpc/docs/Mesh-whitepaper.htm
7.
National
Computational Infrastructure for Lattice Gauge Theory, http://www.lqcd.org/scidac/
8.
The Globus Project,
9.
Condor High Throughput Computing,
University
of
10.
Towards Open Grid Services
Architecture, University
of
11.
Web
Services Description Language,
World Wide Web Consortium, http://www.w3.org/TR/wsdl
The DOE seeks
developments in detector instrumentation electronics with improved energy,
position and timing resolution, sensitivity, rate capability, stability, dynamic
range, durability, pulse shape discrimination capability, and background
suppression. Of particular interest
are innovative readout electronics for use with the nuclear physics detectors
described in Topic 16.
All grant applications must explicitly show relevance to the
nuclear physics program. Grant
applications are sought only in the following subtopics:
a.
Advances in Digital Electronics¾Digital signal processing electronics are needed to replace analog
signal processing in nuclear physics applications.
Grant applications are sought to develop:
(1) digital processors that simplify the analog design, using such
features as pile-up rejection and ballistic deficit correction; (2) digital
pulse processing electronics for commonly used nuclear physics detectors in
general, and for position sensitive solid-state detectors in particular; and (3)
fast digital processing electronics that improve the accuracy of the analog
electronics, such as in determining the position of interaction points (of
particles or photons) to an accuracy smaller than the size of the detector
segments.
b.
Integrated Circuits¾Grant
applications are sought for custom designed integrated circuits, and for
circuits and systems, for rapidly processing data from highly segmented,
position-sensitive germanium detectors (pixel sizes of approximately 1 cm2)
and from particle detectors (e.g., gas detectors, scintillation counters,
silicon drift chambers, silicon strip detectors, particle calorimeters, and
Cherenkov counters) used in nuclear physics experiments.
Areas of specific interest include: (1)
representative circuits such as low noise preamplifiers, amplifiers, peak
sensors, analog storage devices, analog-to-digital and time-to-digital
converters, transient digitizers, and time-to-amplitude converters; (2) multiple
sampling ASICs, to allow for pulse shape analysis; (3) readout electronics for
solid-state pixilated detectors, including interconnection technologies and
amplifier/sample-and-hold integrated circuits; and (4) constant fraction
discriminators with uniform response for low and high energy gamma-rays.
These circuits should be fast; low-cost; high-density; configurable in
software for thresholds, gains, etc.; easy to use with commercial auxiliary
electronics; low power; compact; and efficiently packaged for multichannel
devices.
In addition, planned luminosity upgrades at RHIC and experiments at the
Large Hadron Collider will require fine-grained vertex and tracking detectors
(both silicon and gas) for high particle multiplicity environments.
Therefore, grant applications are sought for advances in microelectronics
that are specifically designed for low noise amplification and processing of
detector signals, and that are suitable for these next generation detectors.
The microelectronics and associated interconnections must be lightweight
and have low power dissipation. Designs
that minimize higher gate leakage currents due to tunneling and maintain dynamic
range would be of particular interest.
c.
Advanced Devices and Systems ¾So
called Active Pixel Sensors in CMOS (complementary
metal-oxide semiconductor) technology are replacing Charge Coupled
Devices as imaging devices and cameras for visible light. Several laboratories
are exploring the possibility of using such devices as direct conversion
particle detectors. The charge
produced by an ionizing particle in the epitaxial layer is collected by
diffusion on a sensing electrode in each pixel.
The charge is amplified by a relatively simple low noise circuit in each
pixel and read out in a matrix arrangement.
If successful, this approach would make possible high resolution position
sensitive particle detectors with very low mass (only about 100 microns of
silicon in a single layer). This
approach would be clearly superior to the present technology of hybrid vertex
detectors consisting of a separate silicon detector layer bump-bonded to a CMOS
readout circuit. Grant applications are sought to attempt this very significant
advance in integrated detector-electronics technology, using CMOS monolithic
circuits as particle detectors. The
new active pixel detector with its integrated electronic readout should be based
on a standard CMOS process. The challenge is to design the sensor and low noise
readout circuits to have sufficiently high sensitivity and low power dissipation
in order to detect the charge signal developed in a thin epitaxial layer (~10
microns), as available in some of the standard CMOS processes.
In addition, grant
applications are sought for improved or advanced devices and systems used in
conjunction with the electronic circuits and systems described in subtopics a
and b. Areas of interest regarding
devices include radiation-hardened, wide-bandgap semiconductors (i.e.,
semiconductor materials with bandgaps greater than 2.0 electron volts, including
Silicon Carbide (SiC), Gallium Nitride (GaN), and any III-Nitride alloys),
inhomogeneous semiconductors such as SiGe, and device processes such as
silicon-on-insulator (SOI) or silicon-on-sapphire (SOS).
Areas of interest regarding systems include bus systems, data links,
event handlers, multiple processors, trigger logics, and fast buffered time and
analog digitizers. For detectors
that generate extremely high data volumes (e.g., >500Gb/s), advanced
high-bandwidth data links are of interest. Lastly, generalized software and
hardware packages, with improved graphic and visualization capabilities, for the
acquisition and analysis of nuclear physics research data are also of interest.
d.
Manufacturing and Advanced Interconnection Techniques¾Grant applications are sought to develop: (1) manufacturing techniques
for large, thin, multiple-layer printed circuit boards (PCBs) with
plated-through holes with dimensions from 2m x 2m to 5m x 5m and 100-200 micron
thick (these PCBs would have use in cathode pad chambers, cathode strip
chambers, time projection chamber cathode boards, etc); (2) techniques to add
plated-through holes in a reliable, robust way to large rolls of metallized
mylar or kapton (this would have applications in detectors such as time
expansion chambers or large cathode strip chambers); and (3) miniaturization
techniques for connectors and cables with 5 times to 10 times the density of
standard interdensity connectors.
Lastly, many
next generation detectors will have highly segmented electrode geometries with
5-5000 channels per square centimeter, covering areas up to several square
meters. Conventional packaging and assembly technology cannot be used at these
high densities. Grant applications are sought to develop:
(1) advanced interconnect technologies that address the issues of high
density, area-array connections including modularity, reliability,
repair/rework, and electrical parasites; (2) technology for aggregating and
transporting the signals (analog and digital) generated by the front-end
electronics, and for distributing and conditioning power and common signals
(clock, reset, etc.); (3) low-cost methods for efficient cooling of on-detector
electronics; and (4) standards for interconnecting ASICs into a single system
for a given experiment, where individual circuits may have been developed by
diverse groups in different organizations – this would include combining
different technologies with different voltage levels and signal types, with the
goal of possibly reusing the developed circuits in future experiments.
1.
“1999
IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, Seattle, WA,
October 24-30, 1999
,” IEEE
Transactions on Nuclear Science, 47(3 pt.2):729-1257, June 2000.
(ISSN: 0018-9499)
2.
Conceptual
Design Report for the Solenoidal Tracker at RHIC,
Lawrence
Berkeley
Laboratory, June 15, 1992. (Report
No. LBL-PUB-5347) (NTIS Order No. DE92041174)*
3.
Kroeger, R. A., et al.,
“Charge Sensitive Preamplifier and Pulse Shaper Using CMOS Process for
Germanium Spectroscopy,” IEEE
Transactions on Nuclear Science, 42(4 pt.1):921-924, August 1995.
(ISSN: 0018-9499)
4.
PHENIX
Conceptual Design Report: An
Experiment to be Performed at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Relativistic
Heavy Ion Collider,
Brookhaven National Laboratory, January 29, 1993. (Report
No. BNL-48922) (NTIS Order No. DE93015759)*
5.
“Proceedings
of the International Symposium on Solid State Detectors for the 21st Century,
Osaka, Japan, December 4-6, 1998,” Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A–Accelerators,
Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 436(1-2), October 21,
1999. (ISSN: 0168-9002)**
6.
Makdisi, Y. and Stevens,
A. J., Proceedings of the Symposium on
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Detector R& D, Upton, NY, October 10-11,
1991, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 1991.
(Report No. BNL-52321) (NTIS Order No. DE93010855/HDM)*
7.
Lee, I-Y., ed., Proceedings of the Workshop on the Experimental Equipment for an
Advanced ISOL Facility, Berkeley, CA, July 22-25, 1998, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory (LBNL), August 15, 1998.
(Report No. LBNL-42138) (OSTI
Document No. DE00760328) (Available via interlibrary loan only.
Cannot be loaned to individuals. Contact
LBNL Library at:
Library@lbl.gov) (1999
summary of proceedings, including recommendations, available at:
http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/760328-zVOiiK/webviewable/)
8.
Simpson, M. L., et al.,
“An Integrated, CMOS, Constant-Fraction Timing Discriminator for Multichannel
Detector Systems,” IEEE Transactions on
Nuclear Science, 42(4, pt. 1):762-766, August 1995.
(ISSN: 0018-9499)
9.
Thomas, S. L., et al.,
“A Modular Amplifier System for the Readout of Silicon Strip Detectors,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A,
288(1):212-218,
10.
Deptuch, G., et al.,
“Development of Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors for Charged Particle
Tracking,” Nuclear Instruments and
Methods in Physics Research, Section A, in press.**
11.
Ionascut-Nedelcescu,
A., et al., “Radiation Hardness of Gallium Nitride,” IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 49(6):2733-2738, December
2002. (ISSN: 0018-9499)
12.
Dodd, J. R., et al.,
“Charge Collection in SOI (Silicon-on-Insulator) capacitors and circuits and
its effect on SEU (Single-Event Upset) hardness,” IEEE
Transactions on Nuclear Science, 49(6):2937-2947, December 2002.
(ISSN: 0018-9499)
________________________
*
Available from National Technical Information Service (NTIS).
Telephone: 1-800-553-6847. Web
site: http://www.ntis.gov/
(Please note: Items that
appear to be unavailable via the Web site might be obtained by phoning NTIS.
See Solicitation General Information and Guidelines, section 7.1.)
**
For ordering information or to view abstract, see:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/publications/journal/physics.
15. NUCLEAR PHYSICS ACCELERATOR TECHNOLOGY
The Nuclear Physics
program of the Department of Energy (DOE) supports a broad range of activities
aimed at research and development related to the science, engineering, and
technology of heavy-ion, electron, and proton accelerators and associated
systems. Research and development is
desired that will advance fundamental accelerator technology and its
applications to nuclear physics scientific research.
Areas of interest include the basic technologies
of the Brookhaven National Laboratory’s superconducting Relativistic Heavy
Ion Collider (RHIC) with heavy ion beam energies up to 100 GeV/amu and polarized
proton beam energies up to 250 GeV, technologies associated with RHIC luminosity
upgrades and the development of an electron-ion collider, superconducting radio
frequency (srf) linear accelerators
such as the electron machine at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator
Facility (TJNAF), and development of devices and/or methods that would be useful
in the generation of intense accelerated beams of radioactive isotopes related
to the construction of a Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) facility.
Relevance of applications to nuclear physics must be explicitly
described. Grant applications that
propose using the resources of a third party (such as a DOE laboratory) must
include, in the application, a letter of certification from an authorized
official of that organization. Grant
applications are sought only in the following subtopics:
a. Materials and Components for
Radio Frequency Devices—Grant applications are sought to improve or
advance superconducting and room temperature materials or components for radio
frequency (rf) devices used in particle accelerators.
Areas of interest include: (1)
peripheral components, for both room temperature and superconducting structures,
such as ultra high vacuum seals, terminations, cryogenic radio frequency
windows, rf power couplers, and magnetostrictive or piezoelectric cavity tuning
mechanisms; (2) materials that efficiently absorb microwaves from 2 to 90
GHz and are compatible with ultra-high vacuum, particulate-free environments at
2 to 4 K; (3) methods for manufacturing superconducting radio-frequency
(>500 MHz) accelerating structures with Q0<1010 at
2.0 K; (4) improved superconducting materials that have lower RF losses,
operate at higher temperatures, and/or have higher RF critical fields than sheet
niobium; (5) innovative designs for hermetically sealed helium
refrigerators and other cryogenic equipment that simplify procedures and reduce
costs associated with repair and modification; (6) development of simple,
low-cost mechanical techniques for damping length oscillations in accelerating
structures, effective in the 10-300 Hz range at 2 Kelvin; and (7) development
of techniques to create a layer of niobium on the interior of a copper
elliptical cavity, such as by energetic ion deposition, so that the resulting
800-1500 MHz structures have Q0 > 8 x 109 at 2 K and so
that the overall fabrication costs are reduced relative to using sheet niobium.
Grant applications
are also sought for the design, computer-modeling, and hardware development of 5
kW and 13 kW cw power sources at 1497 MHz. Examples
of candidate technologies include (but are not limited to): solid-state devices,
multi-cavity klystrons, Inductive-Output Tubes (IOT’s) or hybrids of those
technologies. The devices should:
(1) be capable of operating efficiently over a range of output power levels; (2)
include a method for power adjustment other than using the rf drive signal and
the voltage of any primary dc source – for example, a klystron should include
a gun-current modulating electrode; and (3) have an ac-to-rf conversion
efficiency greater than 50%. Interested
parties should contact Dr. Leigh Harwood at Jefferson Laboratory [harwood@jlab.org]
for further specifications.
Lastly, grant
applications are sought for a new generation of high-voltage (up to 200 k VDC)
electronic switching devices with peak current capability on the order of 100 A.
Such devices should also be capable of operating as very high power (tens
of Megawatts), low-frequency (below 100 MHz) rf power amplifiers with suitable
external rf circuits. A possible
technology is the Hobetron. Interested
parties should contact Abbi Zolfaghari (abbi@bates.mit.edu)
at MIT-Bates Laboratory.
b.
Design and Operation of Radio Frequency Beam Acceleration Systems—Grant
applications are sought for the design, fabrication, and operation of radio
frequency accelerating structures and systems for heavy-ion accelerators.
Areas of interest include: (1) continuous wave (cw) structures, both
superconducting and non-superconducting, for the acceleration of beams in the
velocity regime between 0.001 and 0.01 times the velocity of light and with
charge-to-mass ratios between 1/30 and 1/240; (2) superconducting rf
accelerating structures appropriate for RIA drivers, for particles with speeds
in the range of 0.02-0.8 times the speed of light; (3) innovative
techniques for field control of ion acceleration structures
(1º of phase and 0.1% amplitude) and electron acceleration structures
(0.1º of phase and 0.01% amplitude) in the presence of 10-100 Hz variations of
the structures’ resonant frequencies (0.1-1.5 GHz); (4) multi-cell,
superconducting, 0.5-1.5 GHz accelerating structures that have sufficient
higher-order mode damping for use in energy-recovering linac-based devices with
~1 A of electron beam; (5) methods for preserving beam quality by damping
beam-break-up effects in the presence of otherwise unacceptably-large
higher-order cavity modes – one example
of which would be a very high bandwidth feedback system; and (6) methods
and/or devices for reducing the emittance of relativistic ion beams – such as
electron or optical-stochastic cooling.
c.
Particle Beam Sources and Techniques—Grant
applications are sought to develop: (1)
particle beam ion sources with improved intensity, emittance, and range of
species (areas of interest include high-charge-state sources for heavy ions,
sources for negative and light ions, and polarized sources for hydrogen ions and
electrons); (2) ion sources for radioactive beams (emphasizing aspects such as
high efficiency, high-charge-state ions, small emittance and energy spread, high
temperature operation for coupling to high temperature production targets, and
element selectivity – e.g., through the use of laser ionization); (3)
techniques for secondary radioactive beam collection, charge equilibration, and
cooling; (4) methods and devices to increase the charge state of ion beams
(e.g., by the use of special electron-cyclotron-resonance ionizers or special
stripping techniques); (5) high brightness electron beam sources utilizing
continuous wave (cw) superconducting rf cavities with integral photocathodes
operating at high acceleration gradients; (6) ~1 GHz cw polarized electron
sources delivering beams of ~10 mA with longitudinal polarization of ~80%;
(7) novel high quantum efficiency, long life photocathode materials, such as
chalcopyrites, for brightness electron sources with polarizations >90%; (8)
devices, systems, and sub-systems for producing high current (>200µA),
variable-helicity beams of electrons
with polarizations >80%, and which have very small helicity-correlated
changes in beam intensity, position, angle, and emittance; (9) methods to
improve high voltage stand-off and reduce field emission from high voltage
electrodes in the presence of work function lowering material (i.e., cesium),
and which are compatible with ultra high vacuum environments; (10) wavelength
tunable (700 to 850 nm) mode-locked lasers with pulse repetition rate between
0.5 and 3 GHz and average output power >10 W; and (11) a single
wavelength 532 nm mode-locked laser with pulse repetition rate 0.5 to 3 GHz
and average power ~ 100 W. Grant
applications are also sought to develop software that adds significantly to the
state-of-the-art in the simulation of such physical processes as intra-beam
scattering, electron cooling, beam dynamics, transport and instabilities,
electron or plasma discharge in vacuum under the influence of charged beams,
etc.
d.
Accelerator Control and Diagnostics—Grant
applications are sought for: (1) “intelligent”
software and hardware to facilitate the improved control and optimization of
charged particle accelerators and associated components for nuclear physics
research (developments that offer generic solutions to problems in the initial
choice of operation parameters and the optimization of selected beam parameters
with automatic tuning are especially encouraged); (2) advanced beam diagnostics
concepts and devices that provide high speed computer-compatible measurement and
monitoring of particle beam intensity, position, emittance, polarization,
luminosity, momentum profile, time of arrival, and energy (including such
advanced methods as neural networks or expert systems and techniques that are
nondestructive to the beams being monitored); (3) beam diagnostic devices
that have increased sensitivities through the use of superconducting components,
such as filters based on high Tc superconducting technology or
Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices; (4) measurement devices/systems
for cw beam currents in the range 0.1 to 100 µA with very high precision
(<10-4) and short integration times;
(5) beam diagnostics for ion beams with
intensities less than 107 nuclei/second; (6) non-destructive beam
diagnostics for stored ion beams such as at the RHIC and/or for 100 mA class
electron beams; and (7) devices that can perform direct 12-14 bit
digitization of signals at 0.5-2 GHz and have bandwidths of 100+ kHz.
1.
Duggan, J. L. and Morgan,
I. L., eds., Application of Accelerators
in Research and Industry, Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference
Denton, TX, November 6-9, 1996, New York:
American Institute of Physics, 1997.
(ISBN: 1-56396-652-2) (AIP Conference Proceedings No. 392)*
2.
Duggan, J. L. and Morgan,
3.
Facco, A., et al.,
“Mechanical Stabilization of Superconducting Quarter Wave Resonators,” Proceedings of the 1997 17th Particle Accelerator Conference, PAC-97
Vancouver, BC, Canada, May 12-16, 1997, 3:3084-3086, IEEE, 1998.
(ISBN: 0-7803-4376-X)
4.
Grunder, H. A., “CEBAF -
Commissioning and Future Plans,” Proceedings
of the 1995 Particle Accelerator Conference,
Dallas,
TX, May
1-5, 1995, New York: IEEE,
1995. (ISBN: 0-7803-2934-1) (IEEE
Catalog No. CH35843)
5.
Historical Evolution of the Plans for CEBAF @ 12 GeV,
U.S. DOE Thomas Jefferson
National Accelerator Laboratory, http://www.jlab.org/div_dept/physics_division/GeV.html
6.
Harrison, M., “The RHIC
Project–Status and Plans,” Proceedings
of the 1995 Particle Accelerator Conference, Dallas, TX, May 1-5, 1995,
1:401-405, New York: IEEE, 1995. (ISBN:
0780329341) (IEEE Catalogue No. 95CH35843) (Also available in book form:
Grupen, C., ed., Monographs on Particle Physics, Nuclear Physics & Cosmology, No.
5, Cambridge University Press, July 1996. (ISBN:
0521552168)
7.
eRHIC:
The Electron-Ion-Collider at BNL,
U.S.
DOE Brookhaven National Laboratory
http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/WWW/publish/abhay/Home_of_EIC/
8. Hill, C. and Vretenar, M., Linac69: Proceedings of the 18th International Linac Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, August 26-30, 1996, 2 Vols., Geneva, Switzerland: CERN, 1996. (ISBN: 92-9083-093-X) (CERN Publ. 96-07) (Full text of proceedings available at: http://linac96.web.cern.ch/Linac96/Proceedings/)
9.
Kraimer, M., et al.,
“Experience with EPICS in a Wide Variety of Applications,” Proceedings
of the 1997 Particle Accelerator Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada, May 12-16,
1997, 2:2403-2409, IEEE, 1998. (ISBN:
078034376X)
10.
Ludlam, T. W. and Stevens,
A. J., A Brief Description of the
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Facility, Brookhaven National Laboratory,
June 1993. (Report No. BNL-49177) (NTIS Order No. DE93040311.
See Solicitation Information and Guidelines, section 7.1.)
11.
Proceedings
of the 1999 Particle Accelerator Conference, New York, New York, Mar. 29-Apr. 2,
1999, IEEE, 1999.
(ISBN: 0-7803-5573-3) (IEEE Catalog No. 99CH36366)
12.
Review
of Scientific Instruments, 71(2):603-1239, February 2000.
(ISSN:
0034-6748)
13.
Review
of Scientific Instruments,
67(3, Part 2):878-1683, 1996. (ISSN:
0034-6748)
14.
Rare
Isotope Accelerator (RIA),
Oak Ridge
Associated
Universities, http://www.orau.org/ria/
15.
Stephenson, E. J. and
Vigdor, S. E., eds., Polarization
Phenomena in Nuclear Physics: Eighth
International Symposium,
Bloomington,
IN,
September 1994, Woodbury,
16.
True, R. B., et al.,
“The HOBETRON and HOBETRON-PLUS,” Proceedings
of the International Vacuum Electronics Conference (IVEC) 2000,
Monterey,
CA, May
2-4, 2000, IEEE, July 2000.
(ISBN: 0780359879) (To browse for abstract, see:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/DynWel.jsp.
On menu at left, select “Conference Proceedings” and then the letter
“V.” The link for IVEC 2000
abstracts will be first on the list.)
17.
True, Richard. B., et al.,
“The HOBETRON- A High Power Vacuum Electronic Switch,” IEEE
Transactions on Electronic Devices, 48(1), January 2001.
(ISSN: 0018-9383)
________________________
*
Available from Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
Telephone: 800-777-4643. Website:
http://www.springer-ny.com/aip/
16. NUCLEAR PHYSICS DETECTORS, INSTRUMENTATION AND TECHNIQUES
The Department of
Energy (DOE) is interested in supporting projects that may lead to advances in
detection systems, instrumentation, and techniques for nuclear physics
experiments. Opportunities exist for
developing equipment beyond the present state-of-the-art and outside the usual
scope of research and development activities at the nuclear physics national
laboratories and university programs. In
addition, a new suite of next-generation detectors will be needed for the
proposed Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA), the energy upgrade at TJNAF, the
proposed underground laboratory, the proposed luminosity upgrade at RHIC, and a
possible future electron-ion accelerator. All
grant applications must explicitly show relevance to the nuclear physics
program. Grant applications are sought only in the following subtopics:
a.
Advances in Detector Technology¾Nuclear
physics research has a need for devices to detect, analyze, and track charged
particles, and neutral particles such as neutrons, neutrinos, photons, and
single atoms. These devices include:
solid-state devices such as highly segmented coaxial and planar germanium
detectors, and silicon strip, pixel, and silicon drift detectors; photosensitive
devices such as avalanche photodiodes, hybrid photomultiplier devices, single
and multiple anode photomultiplier tubes, high-intensity (~1020
g/s) gamma-ray current-readout detectors (e.g. Compton Diodes),
photodiodes for operation at liquid helium temperatures with a signal-to-noise
ratio comparable to a photomultiplier tube, and other novel photon detectors;
detectors utilizing photocathodes for Cherenkov and UV light detection, and the
development of new types of large area photo-emissive materials such as solid,
liquid, or gas photocathodes; micro-channel plates; gas-filled detectors such as
proportional, drift, streamer, Cherenkov, micro-strip, gas electron multiplier
detectors, resistive plate chambers, drift electrodes with micromeshes, time
projection chambers, and straw drift tube chambers; liquid argon and xenon
ionization chambers and other cryogenic detectors; single-atom detectors using
laser techniques and electromagnetic traps; particle polarization detectors;
electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters, including high energy neutron
detectors; and detection systems for detecting the magnetization of polarized
nuclei in a magnetic field (e.g., Superconducting QUantum Interference Device
(SQUIDS) or cells with paramagnetic atoms that employ large pickup loops to
surround the sample). Grant
applications are sought to develop advancements in the technology of the above
mentioned detectors.
With respect to
solid state tracking devices, such as the segmented germanium detectors and the
silicon drift, strip, and pixel detectors, grant applications are sought for:
(1) manufacturing techniques, including interconnection technologies for high
granularity, high resolution, light-weight, and radiation-hard solid state
devices; (2) highly arrayed solid state detectors for neutron detection, with
integrated electronics to read-out pulse height; (3) thicker (more than 1.5 mm)
segmented silicon charged-particle and x-ray detectors and associated high
density, high resolution electronics; and (4) cost-effective production of
n-type and p-type silicon drift chambers with active areas greater than 16 cm2.
With respect to
position sensitive charged particle and photon tracking devices, grant
applications are sought for the development of:
(1) position sensitive, high resolution, germanium detectors capable of
determining the position (to within a few millimeters utilizing pulse shape
analysis) and energy of the
individual interactions of gamma-rays (with energies up to several MeV), hence
allowing for the reconstruction of the energy and path of individual gamma-rays
using tracking techniques; (2) hardware and software needed for digital signal
processing and gamma-ray tracking – of particular
interest is the development of efficient
and fast algorithms for signal decomposition and improved tracking programs; (3)
alternative materials, with comparable resolution to germanium, but with
significantly higher efficiency and relatively higher temperature operation (in
order to overcome the costly and bulky requirement to cool germanium detectors
to liquid nitrogen temperatures); (4) advances in more conventional
charged-particle tracking detector systems, such as drift chambers, pad
chambers, time expansion chambers, and time proportional chambers (areas of
interest include improved gases or gas additives that resist aging, improve
detector resolution, decrease flammability, and offer larger/more uniform drift
velocity); (5) high-resolution, gas-filled, time-projection chambers employing
CCD cameras to perform an optical readout; (6) gamma-ray detectors capable of
making accurate measurements of high intensities (>1011
/s) with a precision of 1-2 %, as well as economical gamma-ray
beam-profile monitors; and (7) for the RIA, next-generation high spatial
resolution focal plane detectors for magnetic spectrographs and recoil
separators, for use with heavy ions in the energy range from less than 1 MeV/u
to over 100 MeV/u.
With respect to
particle identification detectors, grant applications are sought for the
development of: (1) inexpensive,
large-area, high-quality Cherenkov materials; (2) inexpensive, position
sensitive, large-sized photon detection devices for Cherenkov counters; (3) high
resolution time-of-flight detectors; (4) affordable methods for the production
of large volumes of xenon and krypton gas (which would contribute to the
development of transition radiation detectors and would also have many
applications in X-ray detectors); and (5) very high resolution particle
detectors or bolometers based on semiconductor materials and cryogenic
techniques. Of particular interest are detector technologies capable of
measuring energies of alpha particles and protons with less than 5 keV
resolution, allowing spectroscopy experiments using light charged particles to
be performed in the same way as gamma spectroscopy.
b.
Technology for Rare Particle Detection¾
Grant applications are sought for particle detectors and techniques that are
capable of measuring very weak, rare event signals in the presence of
significant backgrounds. Such
detector technologies and analysis techniques are required in searches for rare
events (such as double beta decay) and for applications in extending our
knowledge of new nuclear isotopes produced at radioactive beam facilities.
Rare decay and rare phenomenon detectors require large quantities of very
clean materials, such as clean shielding materials and clean target materials.
Neutrino detectors need very large quantities of ultra-clean water, for
example. Therefore, grant
applications are sought for new technologies to (1) fabricate or purify
materials so they have ultra-low levels of radioactive contaminants and (2)
measure the contaminant level of the ultra-clean materials.
Lastly, grant applications are sought for new technologies to produce
large quantities of separated isotopes, such as kg quantities of Ge-76 and other
materials, which are needed for rare particle and rare decay searches in nuclear
physics research.
c.
Large Band Gap Semiconductors, New Bright Scintillators, and
Calorimeters – Grant
applications are sought to develop new materials or advancements for photon
detection. Of specific interest are:
(1) large band gap semiconductors such as (CdZnTe); (2) bright, fast
scintillator materials (LaBr3:Ce, HgI2, AlSb, etc.); (3)
plastic scintillators, fibers, and wavelength shifters; (4) cryogenic liquid
scintillation gamma ray detectors (LXe); (5) Cherenkov radiator materials with
indices of refraction up to 1.10 or greater with good optical transparency; and
(6) new and innovative calorimeter concepts, including new materials, higher
packing densities, or innovative fiber and absorber packing schemes.
d.
Nuclear Targets¾Grant
applications are sought for the development of special targets, which
specifically and explicitly address nuclear physics research needs. These
special targets include: polarized (with nuclear spins aligned) high-density gas
or solid targets; frozen-spin targets; active (scintillating) targets;
windowless gas targets and supersonic jet targets for use with very low energy
charged particle beams; liquid, gaseous, and solid targets capable of high power
dissipation when high intensity, low emittance charged particle beams are used;
and high-power targets with fast release capabilities for the production of rare
isotopes. Grant applications are
also sought for the production of ultra-thin films for targets, strippers, and
detector windows. In particular, for
the RIA, there is a need for stripper foils or films in the thickness range from
a few micrograms per cm2 to over 10 milligrams per cm2,
for use in the driver linac with very high power densities from uranium beams.
Lastly, grant applications are sought to develop techniques for preparing
targets of radioisotopes, with half-lives in the hours range, to be used
off-line in both neutron-induced and charged-particle-induced experiments.
1.
Almeida, J., “Review of
the Development of Cesium Iodide Photocathodes for Application to Large RICH
Detectors,” Nuclear Instruments and
Methods in Physics Research, Section
A: Accelerators, Spectrometers,
Detectors and Associated Equipment, 367(1-3):332-336,
2.
Bauer, C., et al.,
“Recent Results from Diamond Microstrip Detectors,” Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A, 367(1-3):202-206.
3.
Bellwied, R., et al.,
“Development of Large Linear Silicon Drift Detectors for the STAR Experiment
at RHIC,” Nuclear Instruments and
Methods in Physics Research, Section A,
377 (2-3):387-392,
4.
Bromley, D. A.,
“Evolution and Use of Nuclear Detectors and Systems,” Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A, 162(1-3, pt. I):1-8,
5.
Conceptual
Design Report for the Solenoidal Tracker at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
(RHIC),
6.
Contin, A., et al., “New
Results in Optical Fiber Cherenkov Calorimetry,” Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A,
367(1-3):271-275,
7.
Deleplanque, M. A., et
al., “GRETA [Gamma Ray Energy Tracking Array]: Utilizing New Concepts in Gamma
Ray Detection,” Nuclear Instruments and
Methods in Physics Research, Section A,
430(2-3):292-310, July 1999. (ISSN:
0167-0587) (Full text available at: http://greta.lbl.gov/.
On bottom menu, select “Publications” and then title.)*
8.
Eisen, Y., et al., “CdTe
and CdZnTe Gamma Ray Detectors for Medical and Industrial Imaging Systems,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section
A, 428(1):158-176, June 1999. (ISSN:
0168-9002)*
9.
Grupen, C., Particle Detectors, New York: Cambridge
University
Press, 1996.
(ISBN: 0-521-55216-8)
10.
Hershcovitch, A., “A
Plasma Window for Vacuum-Atmosphere Interface and Focusing Lens of Sources for
Nonvacuum Ion Material Modification,” from paper presented at the 7th International Conference on Ion Sources,
11.
Knowles, P. E., “A
Windowless Frozen Hydrogen Target System,” Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A,
368(3):604-610,
12.
PHENIX
Conceptual Design Report: An
Experiment to be Performed at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Relativistic
Heavy Ion Collider,
Brookhaven National Laboratory,
13.
“Proceedings
of the International Symposium on Solid State Detectors for the 21st Century,
Osaka, Japan, December 4-6,
1998,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods
in Physics Research, Section A, 436(1-2) October 21, 1999.
(ISSN: 0168-9002)*
14.
Vetter, K., et al.,
“Three-Dimensional Position Sensitivity in Two-Dimensionally Segmented HP-Ge
Detectors,” Nuclear Instruments and
Methods in Physics Research, Section A,
452(1-2):223-238,
15.
van Loef, E. V., et al.,
“Scintillation properties of LaBr3:Ce3+
crystals: fast, efficient and
high-energy-resolution scintillators,” Nuclear Instruments and
Methods in Physics Research, Section A, 486(1-2):254-258,
16.
The
SNO Collaboration, “The
17.
Andersen,
T. C., et al., “Measurement of Radium Concentration in Water with Mn-coated
Beads at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory,” Nuclear Instruments and
Methods, Section A, 501(2-3):399-417,
18.
Andersen, T. C., et al.,
“A Radium Assay Technique Using Hydrous Titanium Oxide Absorbant for the
19.
Historical Evolution of the Plans for CEBAF @ 12 GeV,
U.S.
DOE Thomas Jefferson Accelerator
Facility,
http://www.jlab.org/div_dept/physics_division/GeV.html
20.
eRHIC:
The Electron-Ion-Collider at BNL,
U.S.
DOE Brookhaven National Laboratory
http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/WWW/publish/abhay/Home_of_EIC/
21.
Rare
Isotope Accelerator (RIA),
Oak Ridge
22.
RHIC:
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, U.S.
DOE Brookhaven National Laboratory,
http://www.bnl.gov/RHIC/
_________________________
*
Full text available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/publications/journal/physics