23. CLIMATE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR FOSSIL ENERGY
APPLICATIONS
This
topic addresses carbon
dioxide (CO2) and other non-CO2 greenhouse
gases, principally methane (CH4),
which are natural and important components of the atmosphere that, together with
water vapor, exert a “greenhouse” effect trapping heat within the Earth’s
atmosphere. This phenomenon has,
thus far, maintained the planet’s temperate climate.
However, because CO2 is
generated by the combustion of all carbon-based fuels, human activity has raised
global emissions of CO2 and
other, non-CO2 greenhouse
gases, from a negligible level two centuries ago to significant amounts today.
It
has been postulated by some in the scientific community that the current rate of
greenhouse gas build-up in the atmosphere worldwide will contribute to global
warming because these greenhouse gases, by trapping heat more efficiently with
their increased atmospheric concentrations, could put the global climate out of
balance and thus cause significant adverse consequences for human health and
welfare.
Hence,
the capture and permanent sequestration of CO2,
as well as other non-CO2 greenhouse
gases (GHG), has become a major world wide goal. In the United States, the capture and sequestration of CO2 and
other non-CO2 GHG
is expected to be an important element of any strategy to reduce the emission of
GHG to the atmosphere. Grant applications to address these concerns are
sought only in the following subtopics:
a.
Breakthrough Performance Improvements on Supporting Systems for Post
Combustion CO2 Capture—Significant
research and development is currently being pursued for new technologies to
separate and capture CO2 from
flue gas streams produced by existing coal-fired electric generating power
plants and forecasted capacity addition. However,
some technologies are performance and cost constrained by their dependence on
supporting systems, which are critical to their specific process.
For example, process integration improvements related to oxy combustion
can only achieve incremental performance efficiencies and cost reductions.
Step change improvements are dependant on the cost and performance
associated to the production of oxygen.
Grant
applications are sought to develop
technologies that can substantially lower the cost of supporting systems, such
as oxygen production units, when integrated with the dependant CO2 capture
technology. The complete CO2 capture
technology with the innovative supporting system must demonstrate the potential
to achieve the Sequestration Program performance and cost targets for flue gas
produced by existing coal-fired power plants.
The CO2 capture
technology should be capable of 90% or greater reduction in CO2 emissions
per net kWh and result in less than a 20% increase in the cost of energy
services. The technology proposed
should demonstrate the scale-up potential for application for coal-fired power
plants that are 300 MW and higher.
Applications
should provide a technical and economic comparative evaluation to current and
emerging technologies that articulates how their technology will achieve the
respective Sequestration Program cost and performance targets.
A systems and economic analysis based on NETL’s Carbon Capture and
Sequestration Systems Analysis Guidelines (April 2005) and a commercialization
roadmap for the proposed technology shall be required during the performance
period.
Questions
- contact José Figueroa (jose.figueroa@netl.doe.gov)
b.
Advanced Monitoring Technologies for Geologic CO2 Sequestration—Monitoring, mitigation, and verification (MM&V) is defined as
the capability to measure the amount of CO2 stored
at a specific sequestration site, monitor the site for leaks or other
deterioration of storage integrity over time, and verify that the CO2 is
stored in a way that is permanent. Measurement
technologies need to measure CO2 in
the target formation, integrity of the cap rock, and leakage pathways and
migration of CO2 through the overburden between the
cap rock and an existing drinking water sources.
Grant
applications are sought for technologies
that characterize a formation and overlying burden as a suitable sink and
identify potential leakage points. Technologies
are also sought to monitor the fate of CO2 within
the geologic formation that will be used as potential sinks to identify possible
migration of CO2 through
the existing overburden to potential drinking water sources or the surface.
Approaches of interest include, but are not limited to advancements in
surface-to-borehole seismic, micro-seismic, cross-well electromagnetic,
electrical resistance tomography, water chemistry, passive pressure and seismic
sensors. In addition, advances in
technologies to automate the interpretation of the results from these
measurement technologies are sought to speed decision making, conduct
multivariate analysis, and/or interpret the response from the technologies that
characterize the phase of CO2 and
leakage points
Questions
– contact
References:
Subtopic
a: Breakthrough Performance
Improvements on Supporting Systems for Post Combustion CO2 Capture
1.
“Carbon Sequestration Technology Roadmap and Program Plan – 2006,”
U.S.
DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), May
2005. (Full-text available at: http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/sequestration/publications/.
Click on title that islocated under “Program Plans”.)
2.
“Carbon Capture and Sequestration Systems Analysis Guidelines –
2005,”
3.
“Oxy Combustion Processes for CO2 Capture
from Power Plant,” IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Program,
July 2005. (Report Number 2005/9)
(Available by request. See:
http://www.ccsd.biz/publications/ieacleancoal.cfm?PubID=675)
4.
“Inventory of
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
and Sinks: 1990-2004,”
U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency,
5.
“Carbon
Capture and Sequestration Systems Analysis Guidelines – 2005,” U.S.
DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL),
April 2005. (Full-text available at: http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/Resources/Analysis/pubs/CO2CaptureGuidelines.pdf)
6. Vine, E. and Sathaye, J., “The Monitoring, Evaluation, Reporting, and Verification of Climate Change Mitigation Projects: Discussion of Issues and Methodologies and Review of Existing Protocols and Guidelines,” prepared for U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, December 1997. (Full text available at: http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/ResourceCenterPublicationsReferenceMERVCReportMethods.html)
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